The East African Slave Trade Routes Essay Example for Free

The East African Slave Trade Routes Essay Slavery is a systematic exploitation of labor in human. It involved trading of human or capturing of human as a source of free or cheap labor aimed at working in military, in plantations, mines and as domestic servants. Slave trade was mainly in Africa. Africans were traded to other continents to work in large scale enterprises, mines, in the fleets and in the drainage of marshes. Slaves were treated like non humans and were seen as property. Therefore they didn’t enjoy equal rights like their masters. In East Africa, slave trade was dominated by Arab and Africa traders. It was mainly in the coastal cities of East Africa such as Mombasa, Zanzibar and Dar es Salaam. Captured or purchased African men were taken to the Middle East where they were enslaved. They faced brutal treatment along the way and in their place of work. They were overworked, abused sexually and insulted physically. They were exported annually into Mecca and Medina via the Indian Ocean giving the trade the name Indian Ocean Slave Trade. The Portuguese were also involved . Generally, it took the slaves a long time before reaching to their destination which was mainly the Arab countries, India and Middle East. The ships were too slow and overloaded thus could not move fast enough. The journey was thousand of miles between the coast of East Africa and Southern Arabia the Persian Gulf. They were traded along with gold, ivory, perfumes and exotic woods. African tribes’ men and women along the coastal line were brutally captured in their habitats. The prisoners of war were not lucky too as they were sold off by there own chiefs in exchange for money. Pawning was common in this trade and the slaves were used as such. It was traumatizing for the slaves moment as it usually involved physical abuse. They were beaten especially if they resisted capture. Their families could mourn as they knew that their captured members would never return. This separation by itself was traumatizing. The selection was inhuman. They were undressed publicly to check for any disability in front of there wives and children. The healthy and strong ones were picked living back the weak, sick and the old. They were chained and were forced to carry heavy merchandise such as the tusks of elephants on there way to the cells and dungeons where they awaited their sale. The cells were overcrowded. Men, women and children were kept in tiny cells with small windows. Some did not survive this far and died of suffocation and body weakness. There were no toilets and the place was filthy. They were whipped in front of their buyers as a show to how strong they were so that they could cost higher . For the purchased, immediately after they were bought they became the property of their masters. They were transported in overcrowded ship. They were chained together and packed into the cargo hold below dock. They were denied the freedom to move and were only allowed up on the dock sometimes in good weathers. The women and children enjoyed limited movement freedom. The food they ate was rotten if not bad and the water was foul. There were typically two meals a day. Their diet depended on what was the cheapest in the market at the particular time. The ship crews sometimes whipped the slaves for no reason at all. They were generally brutal. Sexual abuse was common especially among the female and child slaves. Severe punishment like death was common especially if there was disobedience. Their bodies would be thrown into the sea and sometimes they were thrown alive and left to die. All this time of sexual and physical abuse, starvation and sickness, some slave became traumatized and committed suicide by leaping overboard while others fell in state of shock. As a result of overcrowding, the condition in the ship was filth and diseases were common. They were the major cause of death. There were literally no toilets and the only available wooden buckets were meant to serve all the slaves on board. Dangerous diseases like small pox, dysentery, measles, malaria and scurvy plagued these ships. They affected even the ship crews. There were no drugs and much of the infected slaves were thrown into the sea to avoid transmission to the healthy. In cases of interception by war ships in search of illegal slave smugglers, the captain would throw the slaves in the ocean aimed at destroying the evidence. This was to avoid being poisoned or hanged if found guilty . After they reached to their destination, they were marketed where they now were possessed by new masters. They were assigned responsibilities but brutality still continued. The women worked as domestic servants and junior house wives while the men worked in the fields. The whip was the major impetus to work in the fields. It was the major fuel to make them work more. They were allowed little time to rest. They were merely viewed as a unit of production in the fields and mines rather than contributors. It was characterized by strong racism which dominated even there share in the society. African slaves were viewed as less human and were treated like property. Killing with impunity was common especially in cases of disobedience and sickness. They were given less attention on their humanitarian’s rights. The master or the slave owner had the powers to discipline to the point of death of all the members of the households. These included the children, kinsmen, housewives. Most of them were castrated to avoid reproduction. They were never taken back to their mother land. Therefore, as time went by they died and reduced in numbers. They had no right to own property whatsoever. Though some became leaders of the larger groups in the field, they were denied rights and would never be equal to their owners . In general, the slave trade was characterized by inhuman and brutal treatment of the slaves. The purchasing, transportation and deportation had very minimal humanitarian standards. Many continued to suffer the loss of their loved one who would never return back and who died on the hand of other human beings. Afterwards, there was abolishment of this trade though much of the African salves didn’t survive. The lucky ones went to extinction as reproduction was not possible as many males had been castrated. This trade was succeeded by legitimate trade which involved export of raw materials rather than labor. In recent years, slavery has been a world crisis with some evolutions like the American evolution putting strict measures on it but even in the modern world there still remains some traces of slave trade especially for the women and children. References Clarence-Smith, G. W. (1989) Slavery and abolition.The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century: Routledge, Patterson, O. (1982) a Comparative Study Slavery and Social Death: Harvard University Press. Watkins, R. R. (2001) Slavery: Bondage throughout History. HMCo Childrens Books, Collins, R. O and Burns, M. J. (2007)A History of Sub-Saharan Africa: Cambridge University Press. Total travel (2007) helping my friends teach my children about the word. Retrieved from http://www. tototravels. com/2006/10/chapter_20_zanz. html on Wednesday, October 08, 2008

Human Resource Management In Industrial Relations Management Essay

Human Resource Management In Industrial Relations Management Essay Introduction The management of industrial relations in Great Britain has changed notably in the last three decades. Industrial relations management has been significantly affected by several factors: economic climate, political change, and social environment. After world war two, British economic condition has gradually fallen down. It has been proved that it is much more complicated to manage industrial relations than before. The causes can be analyzed from many aspects: the increasing competition in product market, globalized trend, restructuring labor force, and reduced unions power. From 1979, the power of trade unions has been greatly restricted by government. Deregulation on the labor market also has been enhanced. At the same time, British economy had to face a severe international competition with high inflation and unemployment in domestic. Then, what are the changes of British industrial relations in the last three decades. What are major factors influencing British industrial relations management. We plan to find out more in the following parts. First, the nature of industrial relations management was the first issue. Then, industrial relations management in the period from 1979-1997 and period from post-1997 has been discussed respectively from two aspects: economic and political factors. Finally, the role and influence of employer, trade union and government have been embedded respectively. Human resource management in industrial relations In the 1980s and 1990s, the attitudes and strategies of industrial relations have been changed. Debates about human resource management practice in industrial relations were hot issues in management field. And individualism and collectivism in industrial relations were focused as well. First, look at the political and economic environment. From 1979 to 1997, The Conservative Government, which was elected during the time, insisted on weakening trade union power, reducing public expenditure. Except the government policies, employers faced a more competitive market. The globalization and recession made the situation worse than they had before. During this time, employers aimed to make great profits and reduce cost, instead of good industrial relations management. The types of corporation, labour market, competition in product market, organisation culture, and tradition were taken into account when employers intended to make industrial relations policies. A very important conception whic h was largely recognized in HRM was that labour is regarded as an asset or resource. Thus, employers need to explore employees potential through motivation, training, and development. Storey (1992) proposed two famous HRM versions: soft HRM and hard HRM. Soft HRM emphasis on employees needs, such as motivation, training and work-life balance while hard HRM more emphasis on economic factors. Many researchers agreed that HRM to some extent was a threat to trade union and was a new development in employee relations (Guest, 1989, Millward, 1994) Turing to industrial relations management style, there are four types of management styles which were classified by Purcell and Sisson (Purcell and Sisson 1983 cited by Kessler, 1998): traditionalists, sophisticated paternalists, sophisticated moderns, and standard moderns. Traditionalists have one belief and are anti-union with forceful management. Sophisticated paternalists spend much time in ensuring that their employees have the right approach. Sophisticated moderns management recognized the union role in certain areas. Finally, in standard modern management Trade unions are recognized and industrial relations are seen as primarily fire-fighting and assumed to be non-problematic unless event prove otherwise. (Sid Kessler, 1998, p.114) The industrial relations management may vary in different organisations or even in different groups in a company. Although the management style may vary according to the situations, one fact was that collective involvement had been shifted to indivi dual involvement. After 1997, the employee relations management further developed. The findings of WERS 2004 show that positive contracts and communication with employees will contribute to high commitment performance and economic outcomes. Moreover, Employee involvement participation is greatly focused by employers, employee voice, teamworking, and work-life balance as well. (WERS, 2004) Industrial relations management in 1979-1997 The economic environment for industrial relations from 1979 to 1997 changed greatly. Firstly, the decline of manufacturing industry was very obvious. Secondly, unemployment problem is dramatically severe. It was reported that the number of unemployment increased from 1.6 million to 3 million from 1987-1992. Although there was a small recovery after 1992, the number of unemployment still kept on 1.5millionn in mid-1997. The high unemployment reflected a severely competitive labour market. Furthermore, the structure of economy and labour force also changed. Manufacturing industry decreased; private service sectors increased; and increasing number of women was engaged in workplace; self-employment became popular; and part-time workers, and temporary workers grew fast in that period. Finally, there was a globalized competition in product market. Interaction of these economic changes influenced industrial relations in Britain. Except the economic changes, the Conservative Governments poli cies and laws had great effects on industrial relations. The government restricted trade union power and weakened joint regulation. A series of legislative program was carried out during the time. The first legislative action was to restrict the closed shop in 1980. The Conservative thus, Governments policies and trade union membership density was directly reduced by governments policies and legislations. Shifting to industrial relations management, a more important change was that employee relations specialists and line managers replaced traditional managers role: they are more likely to be responsible for employee relations issues in 1990s. If people intend to be employee relations specialists, they need to obtain professional qualifications. And such qualification requires long relevant working experience. This change may reflect a higher demand for professional knowledge such as employment law. The management of employee relations became more complicated. The conception of human resource management was widely accepted in the late 1980s. Millward et al (2000) noted that those using the title human resource manger accounted for a third of specialists in 1998.(Millward 2000, p. 225) The employee relations specialists continued to rise in the following years. Millwards findings showed that human resource managers and employee relations specialists responsibilities are similarly. They are both responsible for pay, training, grievance handling, and payroll management. Another change was the shift of employee relations managers major work. In the early 1980s, many employee relations managers spent much time on dealing with collective industrial conflict. WERSs (1998) findings revealed that employee relations mangers pay much attention to individual grievances, particularly related to legal proceedings. Moreover, workplace managers switched more attention to collect and deliver information to employees. They use information to review organisation performance and policies. Another change was happened in industrial relations system. Multi-employer agreements affected one third of the number of workplaces in 1998 that they had in the early 1980s. (Millward , 2000, p. 227) In terms of pay, multi-employer agreements to most extent have been determined by employers themselves than workplace itself. The management became more centralized in an organisation during the 1990s. Higher authorities were more likely to make decisions than workplace managers. This could indicate that industrial relations were regarded as operational issue rather than strategic ones. Trade unions had more chance to be involved in the relationship between employers and employees. Trade unions in Britain represent employees interest. But from 1979 to 1990s, trade unions power gradually declined and lost much union membership. Employees support for trade union declined and support from management reduced as well. Many factors led to the phenomenon. The decline of manufacturing industry where were traditionally organized by trade union reduced the number of union membership. And the increasing number of women workforce and temporary workforce who have less possibility of being union membership also resulted from the decline. Another change was that there was less union recognition at workplaces, particularly in private service sectors, which increased during the time. Thus, fewer employees asked for collective bargaining to improve their pay and working conditions. Moreover, the impact of trade union on pay weakened during 1980s and 1990s. During the 1980s and 1990s, when the collective representation declined, the management in industrial relations transferred to focus on communication with employees. Millwards survey showed that communication channels between senior mangers and employees have changed from joint arrangements to direct forms of communications (Millward, 2000 p.230) Managers held regular meeting with workforce and team briefings to hear their suggestion and questions. And according to Millwards point of view, this management-dominated arrangements can improve employee treatment. Industrial relations management in post-1997 After 1997, industrial relations in Britain continued to change due to the changing external environment. However, there were many employment relations retained: the degree of numerical flexibility, the incidence of varies dispute, grievance and disciplinary procedures, the incidence of industrial actions and etc. (WERS, 2004) A variety of changes could be obtained from workplace employment relations. From WERSs findings (2004), the practice of employment relations varies largely between small and large workplace and it also varies between different sectors of industry, especially between private sectors and public sectors. Private sectors shared more proportion in workplaces from1998 to 2004. The figures from WERS2004 showed that 70 percent of workplaces were operating in private sectors compared with two-thirds in 1998. Look at all workplaces, 49 percent of employees were female and 34 percent of them were in managerial positions. Women have more chance to be managers in public sectors (46 percent) than in private service sectors (30 percent). Trade union also changed considerable and it had great impacts on industrial relations management. There was a considerable decrease in the proportion of union members. In 2004, 64 percent of workplaces didnt have union members compared with 57 percent in 1998). Union density slightly declined from 22 percent to 18 percent. Public sector accounted for more proportion of union membership than that of private sectors. Union membership density had strong relationship with management attitudes. Public sectors were more likely to provide management support for union membership than private sectors. However, the relationship between public sectors and private sectors are similarly strong. Besides that, another change of trade union in British workplaces can be found from WERS 2004 report. The proportion of union recognition in workplaces continued to decline after 1997. Only 18 percent of workplaces recognized trade union in 2004. (28 percent union recognition in1998) Furthermore, compared with 1998, union representative in workplaces spent more time on representative works. And they did more representative works than their non-union colleagues. It was reported that 43 percent of union representatives spent five hours on representative work while 33 percent spent two and four hours. Union representatives pay more attention to working condition and dispute, such as pay level, working hours, holidays. About 76 percent of union representatives attempt to recruit new members in their workplaces. But a clearly change during the period was that employees had a low preference of being a union members. In the period from 1979-1997, workplace managers were more concerned about collecting and delivering information. They continued to adopted direct communication with employees after 1997. Direct communication was further widespread between managers and employees. Figures could be found from WERS2004 report. Table 1 Direct communication and information sharing, by sector of ownership. 1998 and 2004 1998 2004 Private sectors Public sectors All Private sectors Public sectors All Direct communication Meeting with entire workforce or team briefings 82 96 85 90 97 91 Systematic use of management chain 46 75 52 41 63 45 Regular newsletter 35 59 40 72 86 74 Noticeboards 36 48 38 E-mail 36 48 38 Intranet 31 48 34 Suggestion schemes 30 30 30 Employee surveys 37 66 42 Information disclosure over Investment plans 47 59 50 40 50 41 Financial position of workplace 56 82 62 51 76 55 Financial position of organisation 66 67 66 51 53 51 Staffing Plans 55 81 61 61 81 64 (Source from Workplace Employment Relations Report2004) From the table, we can see that there were different forms of direct communication in practice. Regular meetings with entire workforce or team briefings was still popular, accounting for a dominate proportion and slightly increased from 85 percent to 91 percent during the time 1998 to 2004. A new creation of these meeting was that a part of meeting time was left to employees. Employees were allowed to propose suggestions and questions during the meeting. Suggestion scheme, staff attitude surveys and problem-solving groups were adopted by many organisations in managing employment relations during the time. Moreover, In the information disclosure over part, mangers preferred to disclose information though staffing plans (64 percent) than others. Shifting to pay determination, which is a major issue in managing employee relations, the most common pay determination was still by management unilaterally. 70 percent of workplaces used this way to pay. Only 27 percent of workplace asked for collective bargaining with unions to determine pay level. Similar to the situation of 1979 to 1997, the proportion of workplaces through collective bargaining in pay determination has continued to decrease since 1997. But public sectors were more likely to use collective bargaining than private sectors. Among 83 percent of public sectors workplaces, 82 percent of workers have their pay through collective bargaining. On the other hand, in private sectors, 26 percent of worker among 14 percent of workplaces use collective bargaining. From these figures, we can know that pay system was not unmilitary anymore. Different measurements were developed. Managers were more likely to determine pay through systematic performance and appraisal management to motivate employees. Performance-related pay, profit-related bonuses, and employee share schemes were prevalent at this stage. The way manager dealing with workplace conflict was also a change during this period. It is obvious that collective conflicts gradually reduced while individual conflicts grew. Industrial actions were less used to solve workplace conflict. most of conflicts were solved through legal procedures. But there was no big conflict happened during the time. Equal opportunities were concentrated by employers since 1997. A large number of industrial relations law was approved by government to enhance the equality in workplaces. Response to the legislation, managers implemented a range of equality policies. WERSs report (2004) revealed that 73 percent of workplaces had a written policies regarding equal treatment in 2004. 9 percent increased from 1998. These policies are largely concerned about equal opportunities for different gender, race, and disability. When implementing some HRM practice such as recruiting, selection, pay rate system, managers are required to consider these policies in employee relations management. Moreover, there was other legislation introduced to improve employer-employee relations, covering work-life balance, hours of work, flexible working arrangements, employee well-being and job satisfaction etc. All these legislation pushed employers to make some differences in industrial relations management. In the late 1990s, the relationship between employers and employees was firstly defined as partnership. Therefore, partnership practice was expected to be implemented by employers. But does partnership practice really promote the managers-employees relations. Evidence was shown in table 2 below. Table 2 managers and employees perceptions of management-employee relations, 1998 and 2004 manager employee 1998 2004 1998 2004 Very good 41 47 16 19 good 47 46 40 41 Neither 8 6 27 24 Poor 3 1 12 12 Very poor 1 0 6 4 (Source from Workplace Employment Relations Survey) Compared with managers view, employees thought relationship was slightly less improved. Except that, managers hold a relatively positive attitude towards management-employee relations. 47 percent of mangers thought they had very good relations with employees while only 19 percent of employees agreed. Partnership relationship requires mutual trust, but the reality was less satisfactory. To sum up, industrial relations management showed considerable changes. Under the adopt of partnership relations between managers and employees, Less workforce want to be union members; direct commutation was widespread in workplaces; an decreasing number of workplaces recognized unions for bargaining on pay and conditions, and collective bargaining declined as well; an range of policies were implemented in workplaces to promote equal opportunities; and managers had wider responsibilities of caring their employees on flexible working conditions, work-life balance, security, job satisfaction etc. The role and influence of employers The most famous employer association in Britain is the Confederation of British Industry (CBI). Like TUC, CBI does not directly participate in collective bargaining. Its major work is to lobby to British government for employers interests. In the last three decades, employers association gradually lost their regulative power. Since 1970s, the decentralized trend was shown in private sectors. A range of operational jobs were distributed to lower departments while head office only had strong control on certain key issues. The employer power and freedom was greatly strengthened in the last few decades. There were many causes contributed to the situation. More competitive globalization in product market and governments policies in weakening union power let employers have more power in labour field. Employers focused on performance improvement, cost reduction in labour filed. Employers play an important role in employment relations management. They formulate the management policies and style. Employers also have the rights to decide whether or not recognize unions. During the period, employers have sought to manage industrial relations with HRM techniques. They became to purse employee commitment, teamworking, and work hard in improving communication with employees. In terms of pay determination, their measures have been extended. Performance-related pay, profit related pay and employee share schemes were adopted in most workplaces. As the maker and performer of these policies, employers decision and behaviors considerably influence industrial relations management. In workplaces, employers choose certain styles of employment relations management. Non-unionism prefers Soft HRM or bleak house management style while unionism prefers partnership at work. The role and influence of government Government plays a key role in industrial relations. Its attitude towards industrial relations can largely change the current situation. It is mostly related to governments role in law. Governments polices and legislation determined employers and trade unions attitudes and conduct of employment relationship. Since 1979, The Conservative Government canceled support for collective bargaining and attempted to decrease collectivism and regulation. The government published laws to regulate equal pay and opportunities at workplaces. When Labour Party took the government, they published National Minimum Wage, and were more concerned about employees rights. These actions made contributions to written equality policies in organisations and influenced pay system. On the other hand, government legislation reduced the power and ability of unions to control on industrial action, closed shop policies directly reduced trade unions membership. The role and influence of trade union In Britain, there was Trade Union Congress (TUC) and many affiliated unions. TUC dont have the rights to make industrial relations laws, their major work is to lobby to government and employers on behalf of employees interest and benefits. For many HR specialists, dealing with trade unions issues was once an important work in their jobs. However, since 1979, the Conservative Government took part the government, a series of anti-union legislation dramatically weakened union power. The cause was not only the political change and economy recession. Metcalf (1991, p.22) noted that the result was interacted by five factors: the economic climate, workforce market, government policies, the attitudes of employers, and union themselves. Studies show that larger organisations have more chance of Trade union presence. 64% union density was shown in public sectors. White-collars are more likely to be union membership. Labour partys return in 1997 has brought some changes, but the union power sti ll towards a falling trend. The Employment Relations Act 1999 aims to promote union recognition. And Labour Government spent more efforts on employees interests. In the last three decades, trade union changed a lot to attract new employees. Except proving legal advice, training for representatives has been developed. And TU try to build a partnership with employers. According to E.D.Ewings study (2005), trade unions have five major functions: a service function; a representation function; a regulatory function; a government function; a public administration function.(Ewing, 2005) A service function means trade unions plays a role of providing service and benefits to members. It takes twos forms. One is more traditional, comprising health and unemployment benefits, and even insurance. The other is more professional. Trade unions provide legal advice and representation to help workers. Trade union needs to recruit new membership for survive, the service functions are usually used as a recruitment toll as they provide a variety of service such as representation to those who has grievances at workplaces, which is much more important than collective bargaining now. Representation function has gained much concern in recent years. A representation function means that trade union is responsible for employees interest and benefits. Different from service function, representation function offer much more professional support to employees. And also trade union can take the form of collective representation to assist employees. Collective representation has two major forms: consultation and bargaining. Regulatory function is the most important role of trade unions. A regulatory function means that trade unions is responsible for making rules for union membership. The role can be achieved by two ways. One is directly performed through multi-employer collective bargaining, such as Joint Industrial Councils. Another way is indirectly performed through legislation. Because decentralized organisations increased in the past few decades, the role of trade union in collective bargaining on pay and conditions has declined. By contrast, regulatory legislation is more prevalent. Government function means that trade union are involved in cooperating with government to ensure they can perform their functions under governments legislation and policies. And public administration function is similar to government function they are all engaged in implementation and delivery of government policies. Trade unions attitude towards management has changed in recent years. Many trade unions now focus much on business. They attempt to develop flexible, motivated workforce and partnership not only equal treatment. Conclusion There have been great changes in UKs industrial relations. During the 1979-1997 periods, Britain suffered a great recession. The proportion of manufacturing industry declined. Unemployment problem is dramatically severe. The competitive labour market worsens the unemployment problem. The structure of economy and labour force also changed as well. Public service sectors grew quickly during this time. and increasing number of women, self-employment, part-time worker and temporary workers grow were engaged in workplace. Besides the economic changes, government restricted trade union power. And a series of legislation was carried out in order to control the activities of organized labour. The interaction of economic and political factors reduced the trade union membership density. In workplaces, employee relations specialists and line managers replaced traditional managers role. They become responsible for handing employee relations issues. Compared with traditional responsibilities, it was reported that employee relations mangers pay much attention to individual grievances, particularly related to legal proceedings. Employees support for trade union and support from management both declined. Finally, when the collective representation decreased, the management in industrial relations transferred to focus on communication with employees. Direct forms of communications were more prevalent at workplaces. In post-1997, Labour Party took the government; they attempted to enhance union recognition despite the gradual decline of union density. But they were increasingly concerned about employees rights, such as National Minimum Wage. Managers were more likely to determine pay level by diverse pay system: performance related pay, profit-related bonuses, and employee share schemes. Managers worked hard on improving employer-employee relations. Direct communications was widespread at the time. Managers actively listen to employees suggestion and questions. Management scheme covered more issues than before, such as work-life balance, flexible working arrangement, and equal opportunities. Due to governments support and the weaken power of trade unions, employers have more freedom and power. Employers can decide whether or not to be union members at workplaces and also can choose management style in industrial relations. Government as a law-maker plays a crucial role in industrial relations management. Trade unions represent the interests of employees, have five major functions: service function; representation function; regulatory function; government function; and public administration function.

MacBeth :: essays research papers

I do not agree with the statement because I do think that Macbeth was unimaginative I think that he had quite an imagination and this was shown at least twice in the book. I also do not really think that he was a monster he was really just trying to save his own life. Also I thought he was timid because a lot of the time his wife put him up to things that he did not really want to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth was portrayed by Shakespeare to be a strong war hero who drove the Norwegians out of Scotland, and caught the traitor the Thane of Cawdor, when really he was just a timid person who was putting on an act to please people like the king, his wife, and his friends. Although Macbeth is portrayed to be physically strong he is mentally quite weak, and this is shown when he believes every word that the witches say, and he ends up resting, thinking that no one can take him off the throne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth is shown to be timid quite a few times in the book, in that he lacks the mental strength to do things, so his wife questions his manhood and calls him weak. After she insulted him, he thinks that he is wrong and she is right, so he go against his own conscience, in the end he was right and Lady Macbeth wrong. Lady Macbeth tells Macbeth when the king is in their castle to “Your hand, your tongue: look like th’ innocent flower, but be serpent under’t.'; What this meant was that Macbeth looked and talked like an innocent little flower, but under that fake mask he was an evil serpent. I agree that Macbeth was unimaginative to a degree but then again he had an imagination because he saw the daggers before he killed King Duncan, and after he got Banquo killed he saw the image of Banquo in his seat. An example of this is stated here: ';Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch Thee. I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight, or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat oppressed brain?'; This is where Macbeth is imagining that there is a dagger in front of him. I think that this shows that he does actually have an imagination and sometimes it gets the better of him.

The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Come up from the Fields Father Essa

The Charge Of The Light Brigade and Come up from the Fields Father are two war poems written in the mid 19th century. A Comparison Of Two War Poems ============================= 'The Charge Of The Light Brigade' and 'Come up from the Fields Father' are two war poems written in the mid 19th century. They both involve the portrayal of death for their country. Although they both tell us about death in two entirely different ways. In 1854, Mr Alfred Tennyson picked up 'The Times' newspaper and read a report written by W .H. Russell on the Crimean war. After reading the report, Alfred, wrote a very quick poem about the happenings. This poem was to become very famous and well known for centuries to come. In comparison, Walt Whitman, the author of 'Come up from the Fields Father' was a famous American author; he worked as a wound dresser in the American civil war, tending battle victims in primitive camp hospitals. Whitman writes his poem very imaginatively about the effects of war on a farming family. This gives the poems a very different feel and a change in style,...

Marrying someone from a different country Essay

Is marrying someone from a different country more problematic than marrying someone from your own country? In today‘s fast-moving world, travelling and connecting with people all around the globe is becoming more and more comon. Because of the increasing globalisation, it often leads to international marriages. It is a new age concept and an endless discussion. However, I believe marrying a foreigner to be a norm rather than an anomaly. The main positive aspect of international marriage is learning so much about different cultures. It is a great way to broaden your horizons and to learn a foreign language because practicing it with your spouse is an inevitable routine. In other words, international marriage is a symbol of cultural integration and gives a great opportunity to have an open mind. Furthermore, children from international marriages are likely to become bilingual. Although raising a bilingual child requires hard work, it is generously rewarded. Children with the ability to handle multiple languages profit in many aspects of life. Finally, international couples are obliged to travel more. With relatives in different countries, holidays are often spent abroad. In line with cultural challenges, travelling expands one‘s way of thinking and opens up new perspectives on life. Every marriage requires commitment, dedication and work. International marriages need even more attention because of the additional issues. In some cases, cultural shock may be a serious issue for the new family. However, the key to a successful intercultural marriage is to develop understanding and patience. Discussing the expectations in every area brings a positive vibe to a relationship and helps to build a strong international family.

Wcf services, data access, and other features

5.1 IntroductionMicrosoft Windows Communication Foundation ( WCF ) is one of the cardinal engineerings available in.NET Framework 3.0 and ulterior versions. This session briefly introduces an overview of WCF services. The session besides takes a expression at the new informations related controls in ASP.NET 3.5. As organisations grow planetary, there is a strong demand for Web applications to accommodate to planetary audiences and civilizations. This session describes globalisation and besides discusses the support for handiness in ASP.NET 3.5. Finally, the session explains about nomadic applications in ASP.NET 3.5.5.2 WCF ServicesWCF is designed as incorporate programming theoretical account that helps to make distributed applications utilizing assorted.NET engineerings such as utilizing Web services, .NET Remoting, Message Queue ( MSMQ ) , Enterprise Services, and so forth. Through WCF, you can make a individual service that can be exposed as named pipes, HTTP, TCP, and so on.5.2.1 Making a WCF Service with ASP.NETASP.NET and Visual Studio 2008 enable you to make and devour WCF services. The first measure towards this is to specify the service contract. The stairss to specify a service contract are as follows: 1. Launch Ocular Studio and choose a new Web undertaking of type WCF Service Application. This templet defines a Web undertaking for hosting the WCF service and will make a mention to System.ServiceModel.dll in the undertaking. This assembly contains the WCF categories. The undertaking templet will besides bring forth a default service named Service1.svc and a related contract file named IService1.cs. You can rename these two files suitably. For illustration, you could call the undertaking as TestServices and the service itself as NewService. The contract file, INewService.cs, is a.NET Framework interface that includes the service property classes for the service category, the operations, and the members. The.svc.cs file is a category implementing this interface. A WCF Service application is automatically configured so that it can be hosted in IIS. It exposes a standard HTTP end point. The & lt ; system.servicemodel & gt ; subdivision of the web.config file describes these scenes. An illustration of & lt ; system.servicemodel & gt ; subdivision in web.config is shown in Code Snippet 1.Code Snippet 1& lt ; system.serviceModel & gt ; & lt ; services & gt ; & lt ; service name= † TestServices.NewService † behaviorConfiguration= † TestServices.NewService † & gt ; & lt ; endpoint address= † † binding= † wsHttpBinding † contract= † TestServices.NewService.INewService † & gt ; & lt ; individuality & gt ; & lt ; dns value= † localhost † / & gt ; & lt ; /identity & gt ; & lt ; /endpoint & gt ; & lt ; endpoint address= † mex † binding= † mexHttpBinding † contract= † IMetadataExchange † / & gt ; & lt ; /service & gt ; & lt ; /services & gt ; & lt ; behaviours & gt ; & lt ; serviceBehaviors & gt ; & lt ; behavior name= † TestServices.NewServiceBehavior † & gt ; & lt ; serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled= † true † / & gt ; & lt ; serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults= † false † / & gt ; & lt ; /behavior & gt ; & lt ; /serviceBehaviors & gt ; & lt ; /behaviors & gt ; & lt ; /system.serviceModel & gt ; 2. Implement the service contract. To implement the service, you start by specifying the contract via the interface. For illustration, see a scenario where you want to expose methods of a service that work with the Suppliers table in a Shipments database. Make a Supplier category inside ISupplierService.cs and tag it as a DataContract and taging each of its members as DataMember. Code Snippet 2 shows an illustration:Code Snippet 2[ DataContract ] public category Supplier { // specify a belongings [ DataMember ] public int SupplierCode { get ; set ; } // define other belongingss } The following measure is to specify the methods of your interface in ISupplierService.cs and tag them with the OperationContract property. You need to tag the interface with the ServiceContract property as shown in Code Snippet 3.Code Snippet 3[ ServiceContract ] public interface ISupplierService { [ OperationContract ] Supplier GetSupplier ( int supplierCode ) ; [ OperationContract ] Supplier SaveSupplier ( Supplier supplierper ) ; } WCF will utilize the interface to expose a service. The service will be configured based on the web.config file. The service interface is implemented inside the ISupplierService.svc.cs file as shown in Code Snippet 4.Code Snippet 4public category SupplierService: ISupplierService { confString = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings [ â€Å" SupplierString † ] .ToString ( ) ; public Supplier GetSupplier ( int supplierId ) { . . . } public nothingness Display ( Supplier provider ) { . . . } } The contract is defined via the ISupplierService interface. The contract is implemented inside the SupplierService.svc file.5.3.2 Calling or devouring the WCF serviceThe stairss to configure one or more service end points and host the service in an application are taken attention of by default while executing all the stairss carried out until now. For illustration, an end point is configured via the default HTTP end point set up inside the web.config file and the service is hosted by IIS and ASP.NET. Now eventually, you can name the WCF service. You need to put a client to name the service. The client could be an ASP.NET Web site, a Windows application, or an application on a different platform. Assuming that the client is traveling to be an ASP.NET Web site for the current scenario, the stairss to name the service are as follows: 1. Make an ASP.NET Web site. 2. To bring forth a proxy category utilizing Ocular Studio 2008, right-click your Web site and choice Add Service Reference. The Add Service Reference duologue box is displayed as shown in figure 5.2. This duologue box allows you to specify an reference to your service. The construct of proxy category is similar to that in XML Web services – it is a WCF service client enabling you to work with the service without holding to cover with the inside informations of WCF. You can besides make the placeholder by utilizing the ServiceModel Metadata Utility command-line tool ( Svcutil.exe ) . 3. Stipulate an appropriate namespace in the Namespace box in the duologue box. This namespace will specify the name for the proxy category that will be generated by Ocular Studio. 4. Specify binding and end point information. Actually, the Add ServiceReference duologue box generates the appropriate end point information automatically when you add the service mention. The web.config file will incorporate this information as shown in Code Snippet 5.Code Snippet 5& lt ; system.serviceModel & gt ; & lt ; bindings & gt ; & lt ; wsHttpBinding & gt ; & lt ; adhering name= † WSHttpBinding_ISupplierService † closeTimeout= † 00:01:00 † openTimeout= † 00:01:00 † receiveTimeout= † 00:10:00 † sendTimeout= † 00:01:00 † bypassProxyOnLocal= † false † transactionFlow= † false † hostNameComparisonMode= † StrongWildcard † maxBufferPoolSize= † 524288 † maxReceivedMessageSize= † 65536 † messageEncoding= † Text † textEncoding= † utf-8 † useDefaultWebProxy= † true † allowCookies= † false † & gt ; & lt ; readerQuotas maxDepth= † 32 † maxStringContentLength= † 8192 † maxArrayLength= † 16384 † maxBytesPerRead= † 4096 † maxNameTableCharCount= † 16384 † / & gt ; & lt ; reliableSession ordered= † true † inactivityTimeout= † 00:10:00 † enabled= † false † / & gt ; & lt ; security mode= † Message † & gt ; & lt ; transport clientCredentialType= † Windows † proxyCredentialType= † None † realm= † † / & gt ; & lt ; message clientCredentialType= † Windows † negotiateServiceCredential= † true † algorithmSuite= † Default † establishSecurityContext= † true † / & gt ; & lt ; /security & gt ; & lt ; /binding & gt ; & lt ; /wsHttpBinding & gt ; & lt ; /bindings & gt ; & lt ; client & gt ; & lt ; endpoint address= † hypertext transfer protocol: //localhost:4392/SupplierService.svc † binding= † wsHttpBinding † bindingConfiguration= † WSHttpBinding_ISupplierService † contract= † NwServices.ISupplierService † name= † WSHttpBinding_ISupplierService † & gt ; & lt ; individuality & gt ; & lt ; dns value= † localhost † / & gt ; & lt ; /identity & gt ; & lt ; /endpoint & gt ; & lt ; /client & gt ; & lt ; /system.serviceModel & gt ; There are two options to pull off and redact the WCF constellation information: you can redact straight in web.config or you can utilize the Service Configuration Editor to pull off your end points. Right-click the web.config file and take Edit Wcf Configuration. This will establish the Service Configuration Editor duologue box. Finally, you will make a Web page will name the service via the proxy category. Code Snippet 6 shows portion of the codification in the Web page that will instantiate the proxy category and name the service.Code Snippet 6. . . SupplierServices.SupplierServiceClient testSupplier = new SupplierServices.ShipperServiceClient ( ) ; SupplierServices.Supplier provider = new SupplierServices.Supplier ( ) ; provider = testSupplier.GetSupplier ( supplierCode ) ;5.5 New Data Controls in ASP.NET 3.5ASP.NET 3.5 defines several new informations related controls including LinqDataSource, EntityDataSource, and ListView.5.5.1 LinqDataSourceLanguage-Integrated Query ( LINQ ) is a set of characteristics that adds question capablenesss to.NET linguistic communications such as C # . LINQ enables you to question informations from diverse informations beginnings in an easy mode. The lone status is that these informations beginnings must be LINQ-compatible, which means they must be supported by LINQ. LINQ can be used with SQL, XML files, objects ( such as C # arrays and aggregations ) , and ADO.NET DataSets. The LinqDataSource is new to ASP.NET 3.5 and Visual Studio 2008. It is used to recover informations from a LINQ information theoretical account. This control enables you to expose informations from a database by utilizing LINQ to SQL. Once you have generated informations categories utilizing the Object/Relational ( O/R ) interior decorator, you can adhere to those categories utilizing the LinqDataSource control. The ContextTypeName property is used in markup with the LinqDataSource to tie in the database context of your LINQ-based informations. See a scenario where you have defined a DataContext category named EmpDataContext utilizing Linq to SQL Classes in Visual Studio 2008. The following markup shows how you would link to this category utilizing the LinqDataSource control:Code Snippet 7& lt ; asp: LinqDataSource ID= † lnqEmp † runat= † waiter † ContextTypeName= † EmpDataContext † EnableDelete= † True † EnableInsert= † True † EnableUpdate= † True † OrderBy= † EmpCode † TableName= † Employees † & gt ; & lt ; /asp: LinqDataSource & gt ; Alternatively of typing the markup shown in Code Snippet 7, you can besides utilize the Configure Data Source ace to tie in the DataContext category with the LinqDataSource control. This can be done utilizing following stairss: 1. Add a LinqDataSource control to the Web page. 2. Snap the smart ticket beside the control. 3. In the context bill of fare that is displayed, choice Configure Data Source. This will expose the Configure Data Source ace as shown in figure 5.3.Figure 5.3: Configure Data Source Wizard for LinqDataSource4. Continue with the measure by measure process shown in the Configure Data Source ace. The LinqDataSource control allows you to specify parametric quantities, to bespeak sorting, enable paging, and more. You can besides specify questions holding Where and OrderBy clauses. The Where clause uses the WhereParameters stand foring a question twine that filters the information on the question twine. You can besides adhere a LinqDataSource control to a data-bound control.5.5.2 EntityDataSourceThe EntityDataSource control is new to the.NET Framework 3.5. The EntityDataSource control enables you to entree informations utilizing the ADO.NET Entity Framework. Users who are familiar with data-bound controls will happen the EntityDataSource control similar to the SqlDataSource, LinqDataSource, and ObjectDataSource controls. The EntityDataSource control enables you to adhere informations in an Entity Data Model ( EDM ) to Web controls on a page. You construct questions utilizing snippings of Entity SQL codification and delegate them to the Where, OrderBy, GroupBy, and Select operato rs. You can provide parameter values to these operations from page controls, cookies, and other ASP.NET parametric quantity objects. The EntityDataSource interior decorator enables you to configure an EntityDataSource control easy at design clip. Similar to LinqDataSource, you can utilize the Configure Data Source ace of the EntityDataSource control to initialise the informations beginning. Figure 5.4 shows the ace. Initially, the ace enables you to choose a named connexion from the Web.Config file or add a connexion twine to link to the database. The 2nd page of the ace will hold content depending on whether a Select statement configured by the options on the ace is used or some other bid text is used.5.5.3 ListViewThe ListView control is used to adhere and expose informations points from a information beginning. The ListView provides characteristics that support folio, screening, and grouping of points. Using the ListView control, you can execute edit, insert, and delete operations on informations without the demand for any codification. You can adhere the ListView control to informations by utilizing the DataSourceID belongings. This enables you to adhere the ListView control to a information beginning control, such as the SqlDataSource control. You can besides adhere the ListView control to informations by utilizing the DataSource belongings. This enables you to adhere to assorted objects, which includes ADO.NET datasets and informations readers and in-memory constructions such as aggregations. This attack requires that you write codifications for any extra functionality such as sorting, paging, and updating. Items that are displayed by a ListView control are defined by templets, likewise to the DataList and Repeater controls. The ListView control lets you expose informations as single points or in groups. You define the chief layout of a ListView control by making a LayoutTemplate templet. The LayoutTemplate must include a control that acts as a proxy for the information. You define content for single points utilizing the ItemTemplate templet. This templet typically contains controls that are data-bound to data columns or other single informations elements. Code Snippet 8 shows a ListView control that displays names of classs from the Categories tabular array in Library database.Code Snippet 8& lt ; caput runat= † waiter † & gt ; & lt ; title & gt ; ListView Demo & lt ; /title & gt ; & lt ; manner type= † text/css † & gt ; .table { boundary line: thin # 000000 solid ; border-collapse: prostration ; boundary line: 1px solid # 000000 ; } table td { boundary line: 1px solid # FF0000 ; } & lt ; /style & gt ; & lt ; /head & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; signifier id= † form1 † runat= † waiter † & gt ; & lt ; div & gt ; & lt ; /div & gt ; & lt ; br / & gt ; & lt ; br / & gt ; & lt ; asp: ListView runat= † waiter † ID= † ListView1 † DataSourceID= † SqlDataSource1 † & gt ; & lt ; LayoutTemplate & gt ; & lt ; table runat= † waiter † id= † table1 † class= † tabular array † & gt ; & lt ; tr runat= † waiter † id= † itemPlaceholder † & gt ; & lt ; /tr & gt ; & lt ; /table & gt ; & lt ; /LayoutTemplate & gt ; & lt ; ItemTemplate & gt ; & lt ; tr id= † Tr1 † runat= † waiter † & gt ; & lt ; td id= † Td1 † runat= † waiter † & gt ; & lt ; % — Data-bound content. — % & gt ; & lt ; asp: Label ID= † NameLabel † runat= † waiter † Text= ‘ & lt ; % # Eval ( â€Å" Category † ) % & gt ; ‘ / & gt ; & lt ; /td & gt ; & lt ; /tr & gt ; & lt ; /ItemTemplate & gt ; & lt ; /asp: ListView & gt ; & lt ; asp: SqlDataSource ID= † SqlDataSource1 † runat= † waiter † ConnectionString= † & lt ; % $ ConnectionStrings: LibraryConnectionString % & gt ; † SelectCommand= † SELECT [ CategoryID ] , [ Category ] FROM [ BookCategories ] † & gt ; & lt ; /asp: SqlDataSource & gt ; The end product of this markup is seen in figure 5.6. 5.6 Globalization.NET Framework 4.NET Framework 3.0Ocular Studio 2005Ocular Studio.NET 2003ASP.NET allows you to develop Web applications that can be accessed by 1000000s of users across the Earth. This means that the Web applications should be created taking into consideration the demands of users from assorted parts of the universe. Therefore, you need to internationalise your application to do it accessible to users belonging to different states, parts, civilizations, linguistic communications, and so on. Globalizationinvolves the procedure of developing Web applications that can be used by users from different parts of the universe. These Web applications will be independent of the linguistic communication and civilization. In short, globalising an application involves doing your application readable to a broad scope of users irrespective the cultural and regional differences. See a scenario of a medical research company in New York. The company has created a Web application that displays the consequences of different researches carried out by the company. The Web application is created sing a broad scope of users of different linguistic communications and civilizations. This means that the Web site is civilization and linguistic communication specific. Therefore, for a user from United States, the Web site content appears in English and for the user from France, the Web site content appears in French, and so on. But, the company wants to follow a standard format while stand foring the medical marks and symbols. This means that irrespective of the user ‘s location, the marks and symbols should look same. To implement this, developers can globalise the Web application. Using ASP.NET, you can make Web applications that can automatically set civilization, and arrange day of the months and currency harmonizing to user demands. ASP.NET supports globalisation by supplying the System.Globalization namespace. The System.Globalization namespace provides a set of categories to construct applications that can be supported across the Earth. These categories allow you to cover with assorted globalisation issues such as civilization, part, calendar support, and date-time data format. Table 5.1 lists the normally used categories of the System.Globalizationnamespace.ClassDescriptionCalendarThis category represents yearss in hebdomads, months, and old ages. It is the basal category for other civilization specific calendars such as GregorianCalendar, JapaneseCalendar, and KoreanCalendarCultureInfoThis category provides culture-specific information such as name of the civilization and linguistic communicationNumberFormatInfoThis category represents the manner the numeral values are formatted and displayed for a specific civilizationRegionInfoThis category provides information about country/region such as country/region n ame and two missive codification defined in ISO 3166Table 5.1: Normally Used Classs of System.GlobalizationFor illustration, to expose the currency symbol of the current civilization in your Web application, the codification shown in Code Snippet 9 will be used.Code Snippet 9CultureInfo curie = System.Threading.CurrentThread.CurrentCulture ; NumberFormatInfo nfi = ci.NumberFormat ; Response.Write ( â€Å" Currency Symbol: â€Å" + nfi.CurrencySymbol + â€Å" & lt ; BR & gt ; † ) ; If the current civilization is US, the currency symbol displayed as a consequence of Code Snippet 9 will be $ . You can put the civilization or an ASP.NET Web page declaratively utilizing one of two attacks:Add a globalisation subdivision to the web.config file, and so put the uiculture and civilization properties, as shown:& lt ; globalisation uiCulture= † Es † culture= † es-MX † / & gt ; This sets the UI civilization and civilization for all pages,Set the Culture and UICulture attributes of the @ Page directive, as shown in the undermentioned illustration:& lt ; % @ Page UICulture= † Es † Culture= † es-MX † % & gt ; This sets the UI civilization and civilization for an single page,.NET Framework 4Ocular Studio 2005A resource file is used to hive away user interface strings for interpreting the application into other linguistic communications. It is a utile constituent in the procedure of globalisation and localisation. Resource files are stored in XML format and contain strings, image file waies, and other resources. This is because you can make a separate resource file for each linguistic communication into which you want to interpret a Web page. The stairss to make a resource file are as follows:Ensure that your Web site has a booklet such as App_GlobalResources in which to hive away the resource file. You can add such a booklet by right-clicking on the Website name in Solution Explorer and choosing Add ASP.NET Folder and so choosing App_GlobalResources as shown in figure 5.7.Right-click the App_GlobalResources booklet, and so snap Add New Item. This will make a resource file,In the Add New Item duologue box, under Ocular Studio installed templets, click Resource File.In the Name box, stipulate a name for the resource file and so snap Add. The Resources Editor window glass is displayed where you can type names ( keys ) , values, and optional remarks bespeaking each resource point.Type appropriate key names and values for each resource that you need in your application, and so salvage the file.To make resource files for extra linguistic communications, copy the file in Solution Explorer or in Windows Explorer, and so rename i t utilizing the syntax filename.language-culture.resx. For case, if you create a planetary resource file named Resources.resx for interlingual rendition to Spanish ( Mexico ) , you will call the copied file Resources.es-mex.resx. Open the copied file and interpret each value, go forthing the names ( keys ) the same.Perform and reiterate stairss 6 and 7 for each extra linguistic communication that you want to utilize.5.8 Accessibility Support in ASP.NET.NET Framework 4.NET Framework 3.0Ocular Studio 2005Accessible Web applications enable people with disablements to utilize assistive engineerings, such as screen readers, to work with Web pages. ASP.NET can assist you make accessible Web applications. ASP.NET controls support handiness criterions including Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 ( WCAG ) to a great extent. However, sometimes ASP.NET controls produce consequences that fail to follow with all handiness criterions. In such instances, you will necessitate to manually configure the controls for handiness. You can configure keyboard support for your pages in ASP.NET utilizing one of these attacks:Set check order for controls utilizing the TabIndex belongings.Stipulate a default button for a signifier or Panel control by puting the DefaultButton belongings.Define entree keys for button controls by puting the AccessKey belongings.Use Label controls with text boxes, which let you specify entree keys for the text boxes.5.9 Mobile Applications in ASP.NET 3.5Today, in major parts of the universe, a nomadic phone is no longer a luxury but a necessity. Mobile devices such as smartphones, Personal Digital Assistants ( PDAs ) , and others have become indispensable appliances and back up many powerful characteristics that make life easier and well-organized. These nomadic devices can hold a figure of applications installed on them. Mobile application development is hence considered to be a important portion of a developer ‘s skillset. As an ASP.NET developer, it is imperative for you to be familiar with the creative activity of both Web and nomadic applications.5.9.1 Mobile Application Creation in ASP.NET 3.5In earlier versions of Ocular Studio before Visual Studio 2008, there was built-in interior decorator support for developing nomadic Web applications. The IDE provided an application templet utilizing which you could make a new nomadic Web application. An point templet allowed you to custom-make the show and visual aspect of controls in Design View. Using the interior decorator, you could work with nomadic Web signifiers and nomadic Web user controls in Design View. The IDE besides provided tool chest and design-time layout support which made the undertaking of working with ASP.NET Mobile Web applications simple and easy. However, from Ocular Studio 2008 onwards, there is no reinforced -in interior decorator support for developing nomadic Web applications. You can still make and work with nomadic Web applications by utilizing downloaded templets from the Web. The stairss to make this are listed below:Download ASP.NET Mobile Templates.zip from hypertext transfer protocol: //blogs.msdn.com/b/webdevtools/archive/2007/09/17/tip-trick-asp-net-mobile-development-with-visual-studio-2008.aspxExtract the nothing file. This will ensue in a figure of other nothing files.Copy the nothing files with file names stoping with â€Å" _cs † to: [ My Documents ] Visual Studio 2008TemplatesItemTemplatesVisual C # .Restart Visual Studio.Create an empty Website as shown in Figure 5.8.Select WebsiteaAdd New Item. The Add New Item duologue box will expose the freshly added templates available as shown in figure 5.9.Choose the templet Mobile Web Form as shown in figure 5.10 and click Add.A nomadic Web signifier will be added to the Website application. Switch to the codification position. You will detect that the Default category inherits from System.Web.UI.MobileControls.MobilePage.An alternate manner of making Mobile Web signifiers in Ocular Studio 2008 is to add a Web signifier to your application and so modify the page category declaration to inherit from System.Web.UI.MobileControls.MobilePage.Once the Mobile Web page is created utilizing either of these two attacks, you can so put nomadic Web controls onto the page by dragging them from the Toolbox or by typing markup and properties.Code Snippet 10 demonstrates how to make a simple nomadic signifier with a Panel and a Label control.Code Snippet 10& lt ; % @ Page Language= † C # † AutoEventWireup= † true † CodeFile= † Default.aspx.cs † Inherits= † _Default † % & gt ; & lt ; % @ Register TagPrefix= † Mobile † Namespace= † System.Web.UI.MobileControls † Assembly= † System.Web.Mobile † % & gt ; & lt ; html xmlns= † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.w3.org/1999/xhtml † & gt ; & lt ; organic structure & gt ; & lt ; nomadic: Form id= † Form1 † runat= † waiter † BackColor= † # 99ffcc † & gt ; & lt ; Mobile: Label Name= † lblMessage † runat= † waiter † Font-Bold= † True † ForeColor= † Blue † Font-Size= † Large † & gt ; Welcome, this is exciting & lt ; /mobile: Label & gt ; & lt ; br & gt ; & lt ; /br & gt ; & lt ; Mobile: Image ID= † Image1 † Runat= † waiter † ImageUrl= † Garden.jpg † & gt ; & lt ; /mobile: Image & gt ; & lt ; /mobile: Form & gt ; & lt ; /body & gt ; & lt ; /html & gt ; Save and construct the application.5.9.2 Executing Mobile ApplicationsThe stairss to prove this application are as follows:Install the Windows Mobile Device Center if it is non already installed.Install Windows Mobile 6.0 Professional SDK Refresh if it is non already installed.Select Tools- & gt ; Device Emulator Manager in the Visual Studio 2008 IDE.Right-click Windows Mobile 6.0 Professional Emulator in the Device Emulator Manager duologue box and choice Connect.Right-click Windows Mobile 6.0 Professional Emulator in the Device Emulator Manager duologue box and choice Cradle. Windows Mobile Device Center ( WMDC ) is opened. Ensure that the connexion puting on WMDC is set to DMA. If you are utilizing a Work web to link to the Internet, so choose â€Å" This computing machine connects to Work Network. †Launch Internet Explorer on the copycat and navigate to the URL of your nomadic Web application. Assuming that the local machine name is test, the end product will be as shown i n figure 5.11. You can besides utilize the IP reference of the machine alternatively of machine name.5.9.3 Mobile Device CapabilitiesPeoples around the universe usage different nomadic devices. These devices may differ in show sizes and capablenesss. If a Web developer develops a Web application for a specific nomadic device, it may non work when exported to other nomadic devices. To get the better of this job, there is a demand of some agencies of device filtering. Device filtering is the procedure of custom-making nomadic Web waiter controls to correctly expose them on select nomadic devices. Using device filters, nomadic Web applications can custom-make the visual aspect of controls for specific hardware devices. The customization is based on the capablenesss of the hardware device being used to shop the application. Device filters are used to custom-make the behaviour of Web waiter controls depending on the browser or device that accesses them. Typically, the web.config file shops device capablenesss in the & lt ; deviceFilters & gt ; subdivision. By default, your nomadic Web application in.NET Framework 3.5 and Visual Studio 2008 may non hold a web.config file. To add it, launch the Add New Item duologue box and choose the Mobile Web Configuration point templet as shown in figure 5.12. The web.config will incorporate undermentioned device filters by default in the & lt ; deviceFilters & gt ; subdivision: & lt ; deviceFilters & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isJPhone † compare= † Type † argument= † J-Phone † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isHTML32 † compare= † PreferredRenderingType † argument= † html32 † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isWML11 † compare= † PreferredRenderingType † argument= † wml11 † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isCHTML10 † compare= † PreferredRenderingType † argument= † chtml10 † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isGoAmerica † compare= † Browser † argument= † Go.Web † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isMME † compare= † Browser † argument= † Microsoft Mobile Explorer † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isMyPalm † compare= † Browser † argument= † MyPalm † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isPocketIE † compare= † Browser † argument= † Pocket IE † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isUP3x † compare= † Type † argument= † Phone.com 3.x Browser † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isUP4x † compare= † Type † argument= † Phone.com 4.x Browser † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isEricssonR380 † compare= † Type † argument= † Ericsson R380 † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † isNokia7110 † compare= † Type † argument= † Nokia 7110 † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † prefersGIF † compare= † PreferredImageMIME † argument= † image/gif † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † prefersWBMP † compare= † PreferredImageMIME † argument= † image/vnd.wap.wbmp † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † supportsColor † compare= † IsColor † argument= † true † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † supportsCookies † compare= † Cookies † argument= † true † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † supportsJavaScript † compare= † Javascript † argument= † true † / & gt ; & lt ; filter name= † supportsVoiceCalls † compare= † CanInitiateVoiceCall † argument= † true † / & gt ; & lt ; /deviceFilters & gt ; ASP.NET provides the HasCapability ( ) method in the MobileCapabilities category to find device capablenesss for nomadic devices. The method takes two parametric quantities. The first is a twine stipulating a delegateName that will indicate to the device rating method, belongings name, or so forth and the 2nd parametric quantity is any value that the capabilityName statement requires. The 2nd parametric quantity is optional. The HasCapability ( ) method enables you to find through codification whether the current device lucifers any device filter specified in the web.config file. Code Snippet 11 shows the usage of HasCapability ( ) method.Code Snippet 11:attempt { bool consequence = ( ( MobileCapabilities ) Request.Browser ) .HasCapability ( â€Å" supportsColor † , null ) ; txtvwMessage.Text = answer.ToString ( ) ; } gimmick ( ArgumentOutOfRangeException ) { txtvwMessage.Text = â€Å" false † ; }Here, the codification tries to look into whether there is any device filter named supportsColor defined in the web.config file. If yes, it assigns the true value to the TextView control, txtvwMessage. If there is no such filter defined, an ArgumentOutOfRangeException is raised and a value of false is assigned to the TextView control, txtvwMessage. In the web.config file shown earlier, there is a filter named supportsColor. Therefore, the result of Code Snippet 11 is that the TextView shows true.5.9.4 Using the DeviceSpecific ControlThe procedure of rendering a control otherwise based on the browser that requested the Web page is called adaptative rendition. You use the DeviceSpecific component in ASP.NET Mobile applications to implement adaptative rendition. One or more & lt ; Choice & gt ; elements incorporating different versions of the content aiming different devices are placed inside the & lt ; DeviceSpecific & gt ; component, as shown in Code Snippet 12.Code Snippet 12& lt ; nomadic: Form id= † frmTest † runat= † waiter † & gt ; & lt ; Mobile: Label Runat= † waiter † ID= † Label1 † & gt ; Welcome & lt ; DeviceSpecific & gt ; & lt ; Choice Filter= † isPocketIE † Font-Italic= † True † Font-Name= † Arial Black † / & gt ; & lt ; Choice Filter= † isNokia7110 † ForeColor= † Magenta † / & gt ; & lt ; /DeviceSpecific & gt ; & lt ; /mobile: Label & gt ; & lt ; /mobile: Form & gt ; Choices are evaluated from the first & lt ; Choice & gt ; component to the last. Each pick includes a Filter component. If the device satisfies the Filter so the content within that pick is displayed to the client. The last pick in the above illustration has no Filter. The content in this pick shows on all of the devices that satisfy none of the filters. The Filter property of the & lt ; Choice & gt ; component can besides mention to a filter in the web.config file.DrumheadWCF is a incorporate scheduling theoretical account that helps to make distributed applications utilizing.NET engineerings.ASP.NET 3.5 defines several new informations related controls including LinqDataSource, EntityDataSource, and ListView.Globalization involves the procedure of developing Web applications that can be used by users from different parts of the universe.A resource file is used to hive away user interface strings for interpreting the application into other linguistic communications and plays an of import function in globalisation.Most ASP.NET controls provide constitutional support for handiness in Web applications.ASP.NET 3.5 enables you to develop nomadic Web applications.Mobile device capablenesss differ from device to device and are specified utilizing & lt ; deviceFilters & gt ; in web.config file.

Aristotle s Morality Of Self Realisation - 862 Words

Sean Blodgett PHI 101 Dr. Limnatis May. 1, 2016 ARISTOTLE: THE MORALITY OF SELF-REALISATION Nicomachean Ethics by Aristotle, helps to express the meaning behind ethics as well as to create a better society. Aristotle discusses the connection between morality and its connection to happiness, as well as being a fundamental root in human nature. To Aristotle, a man who faces a life of crime misunderstands what it is to follow moral standards. But also he is a man who â€Å" was unfortunate to have formed bad habits during his youth.†(278) Throughout the book, Aristotle describes the differences, as well as the connections between several different parts of morality. This includes the connections between morality and human nature, morality and rationality, intellectual and moral virtues, as well as happiness and pleasure. Aristotle describes human nature and its role in a person s morality. It is explained that something s nature pertains to its â€Å"performance of its particular function.†(278) Determining what makes something good or bad however is determined through virtue. To be able to even begin to understand the complexity behind human nature, one must first learn an object s nature before learning its virtue, as what makes one thing good or bad doesn t make another object the same way. To understand its nature we must know its function as previously stated, from there we are able to accurately describe its virtues. One example that can be used is a computer. It isShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Theory Of Virtue Ethics1095 Words   |  5 Pagesbeginning seems to be more than half of the whole.† ― Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics Ethics is the philosophical study of moral judgements (Solomon: 2010). Moral philosophy has long been dominated by two basic theories; deontology, inspired by Immanuel Kant, the eighteenth century philosopher and; utilitarianism or consequentialism, which derives its modern day instructions from eighteenth and nineteenth century philosophers Jeremey Bentham and J. S. Mills, respectively (Hursthouse:1999). IncreasingRead More Relationship between Courage and Gender Essay2711 Words   |  11 PagesRelationship between Courage and Gender Both men and woman have intentions and act, so both are capable of virtue. Virtue ethics as a theory of morality has existed, most notably, since Aristotle. Courage is one such virtue and to display this persons need to experience fear and perceive danger. The circumstances surrounding an act of courage need to be proportionate to perceived risk to avoid the activity becoming an enterprise of foolishness. Also the potential costs associatedRead MoreJustice and Morality in Platos Republic3158 Words   |  13 PagesJustice and Morality in Platos Republic Explain and evaluate the reasons given by Plato in the Republic, to support the contention that justice is superior to, or more beneficial than, injustice? What is the relationship between justice and morality? Introduction This essay discusses and clarifies a concept that is central to Platos argument in the Republic — an argument in favour of the transcendent value of justice as a human good; that justice informs and guides moral conduct. PlatosRead MoreSufism: Its Mystical Contribution to an Understanding of the Islamic God1871 Words   |  8 Pagesthe reasons behind his current life circumstances becomes insignificant when compared to the ecstatic contemplation of the divine. The magnitude of this state of existence may seem wholly unrealistic to some, but to the mystic it is a step towards self-annihilation or the ‘death of egotism’ – a prerequisite for true union with the divine. To understand God in this way is to practice whole-hearted acceptance of reality as a product of divine will, to harbour no resentment towards God for life’s hardshipsRead MoreAn Analysis of Sacrifice in Arthur Millers All My Sons4310 Words   |  18 PagesMy Sons which I will examine in this essay involves the idea that not all sacrifices are actually conscious decisions; many of the acts of ‘sacrifice’ in the play could be explained simply by an ‘escape’ - does Joe Keller kill himself as a final realisation of the crimes that he has committed or just as an escape from the pressure around him? When we first encounter the characters in All My Sons, it is clear that the family is well integrated with its surroundings: as neighbours happily stroll by,Read MoreMacbeth - a Tragic Hero2214 Words   |  9 PagesWilliam Shakespeares play Macbeth, written in the 1600s is a perfect example of Shakespeares ability to manipulate his audience through creating a tragic hero. A tragic hero who, because of a flaw, tumbles from a well-respected hero to a cowardless murderer. It is through Shakespeares manipulation of figurative language, dramatic conventions and social expectations of the seventeenth century, do the audience witness the demise of this mixed up man. Macbeths persona of the tragic hero is enhancedRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in Willian Shakespeares Macbeth2662 Words   |  11 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in Willian Shakespeares Macbeth Two and a half thousand years ago, Aristotle defined a tragedy as an imitation of an action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude. Two thousand years later, Shakespeare reincarnated this and other classical principles in the form of his four great tragedies; Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth. Aristotle laid down some elements which he and other classical theorists seemed to think necessary inRead MoreFrancis Bacon15624 Words   |  63 Pages  Francis Bacon: A Moralist Bacon is not a true moralist. His morality is a saleable morality. He is a moralist-cum-worldly wise man. Bacon appears as a moralist in his essays, for he preaches high moral principles and lays down valuable guidelines for human conduct. Some of his essays show him as a true lover and preacher of high ethical codes and conducts. For instance, in â€Å"Of Envy†, he puts: â€Å"A man that hath no virtue in himself, ever envieth virtue in others.† Then, in his essay â€Å"Of Goodness

Edgar Allan Poe (the Raven) - 1496 Words

Edgar Allan Poes The Raven Poes The Raven is not only an American classic, its a favorite of high school students around the world, as well as their teachers. That being said, its still poetry and therefore can be difficult to understand. Read this summary to review the contents and get a better understanding. * Stanzas: 1-2 Make everyone in class think youre really smart when you bust out everything youve learned in this summary: Stanza 1: Its late. The poems speaker is tired and weak, reading an old collection of folklore (note that Ravens are prevalent in folklore). As hes about to fall asleep, he hears something tapping at his door. The speaker, somewhat startled, consoles himself by muttering tis some visitor and†¦show more content†¦It could be a demonic movement of the curtains, which would cause even the most stalwart individual to mutter to himself, or the speaker could be crazy. Stanza 4: The narrator musters the courage to speak to the visitor at his door. Nobody answers. He opens the door and sees only darkness. Analysis: Things are getting stranger by the stanza. Poe builds suspense by delaying the unveiling of the visitor. Stanza 5: The narrator stares into the darkness. He stares. He stares some more. He starts dreaming about the impossible and finally whispers Lenore. Lenore is echoed back. Analysis: We begin to sense the heartbreak experienced by the narrator. He so longs for his lost love that he begins whispering her name, desperately hoping for a response. Does he actually hear a response or is he hallucinating? * Stanzas: 6-9 Stanza 6: The narrator returns to his chamber and soon hears a louder tapping, this time at his window. He decides to explore the noise, telling himself it is merely the wind. Analysis: Like the narrator, youre probably wondering when somethings going to happen. The narrator is in denial. He knows something is there, but refuses to acknowledge it. Stanza 7: The narrator opens the shutter and a raven flies in. He ignores the occupant and perches himself on a statue of Pallas Athena, Greek goddess of wisdom. Analysis: The mystery has been solved. Its just a bird! Something tells me this bird is noShow MoreRelatedThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe849 Words   |  4 Pagesnarrator of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe experiences this void after the loss of his love Lenore. The narrator is isolated from the world until a raven appears before him. The events and dialogue that follow are what makes The Raven such a legendary piece of literature. The gothic poem The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe is an example of repetition and shift. With the help of repetition and shift, Poe’s use of diction gives the reader clarity to the meaning of the poem. Nevermore, the answer the Raven gives theRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1062 Words   |  5 PagesWritten by Edgar Allan Poe, â€Å"The Raven† is a famous short poem known for the dark fantasy that it portrays. From the mindset of a first person narrative, one may experience the tale through the eyes of a haunted man who is in mourning for the death of his beloved Lenore. As this man sits in his chamber, within a dark and dreary December night, a â€Å"raven of the saintly days of yore† visits him. The raven is no ordinary bird, for it is like a ghost, silent, yet it answers every inquiry the man presentsRead MoreThe Raven by Edgar Allan Poe1334 Words   |  6 PagesCastro Professor Gary Smith English 1302 10/31/2012 Symbolism in â€Å"The Raven† Edgar Allan Poe was highly criticized throughout his life whether it was for his high achievements or his downfalls; he always seemed to be talked about. Poe was born in January 19, 1809; his mother died shortly after being abandoned by his father leaving him and his brothers’ orphans at an early age. Poe was taken by John and Francis Allan. With the help of his foster parents he was later able to attend the UniversityRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe964 Words   |  4 Pages Essay 1 In the poem â€Å"The Raven†, Edgar Allan Poe expresses a current state of drunkenness, drug use, and depression as existing in a dark and dreary prison like setting, tormented by the memories of a lost love. Poe’s literary career was undoubtedly influenced by the many tragedies he suffered in his life. These misfortunes are evident in the correlation between his characters in his writings and real life events. It is clear that Poe had a problematic life from a young age; he struggled with mentalRead MoreThe Raven, By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesprominent writer of the horror fiction genre would be Edgar Allan Poe, well known for writing The Raven, who would be the most recognizable and most established horror writer. Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809 and was the middle child of three children. At the age of 3, both of his parents died and was then taken in by a tobacco merchant by the name of John Allan in Richmond, Virginia. John Allan wanted Poe to be a businessman but Edgar was by no means a businessman. By the age of 13Read MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1157 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Raven† is a fictional poem written by Edgar Allan Poe in which the audience witnesses the narrator’s gradual change from a weary scholar to grieving lover. While falling asleep, he suddenly hears a tap at his chamber door. In alarm, the scholar tries to reason with himself and explain away the soft tapping. Eventually, he gains courage, opens the door, and finds it void of anyone. The narrator immediately wonders if it is perhaps his lost love, Lenore waiting for him, yet the only answer toRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pages The poem I selected is â€Å"The Raven† written by popular American writer, Edgar Allan Poe. I chose this poem because of previous memories of reading several of Edgar Allan Poe’s writings. I remember in 8th grade when my teacher introduced the whole class to a short story called â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart†. I loved the poem a lot, I liked how gory, detailed, and interesting it was. It went perfectly for the time of year it was, which was October. Soon after we were done reading the poem, the whole grade wentRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe945 Words   |  4 Pageshad to experience hardly any grief in my life. Everyone is different which results in everyone having their own way that they deal with grief. The way that Edgar Allan Poe describes grief and the way that Emily Dickinson describes grief is both different and similar. Poe’s famous poem titled â€Å"The Raven† is a great example of how Edgar Allan Poe writes about grief. The poem is about the grief of the narrator during the loss of the love of his life, Lenore. The narrator’s opening statement in theRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe1900 Words   |  8 Pagesall expectations and thoughts on poetry. His name is Edgar Allan Poe. He brought a lot more to the scene than just poetry, and that is what he is well known for. His poetry was more than just writing; they were dark stories that somehow resembled to him in some way. He wrote great works such as, â€Å"Eldorado†, â€Å"A Dream†, and â€Å"Alone.† All of those poems are great, but there is two that stand out far greater than all of them: â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"The Raven.† They share a similar story-line, but different popularityRead MoreThe Raven By Edgar Allan Poe Essay2246 Words   |  9 Pagesthat directly connects you to a well-known poem by Edgar Allan Poe. â€Å"The Raven† is a literary work that has gone down in ages as being a timeless classic that transcends your senses as you dive into this sinister tale. Poe had a life of hardships but still was able to prevail in life becoming a great writer writing many poems and stories that are mysterious and prevalent today. â€Å"The Raven† has many displaced factors that make it seem as though Poe is truly referencing his life throughout the work